Cardiac arrest is a critical and dangerous medical emergency that occurs when the heart suddenly stops beating, leading to a cessation of blood flow to vital organs, including the brain. This can result in severe symptoms such as loss of consciousness, absence of pulse and breathing, and, if not treated immediately, can lead to death. (1)
Symptoms of Cardiac Arrest
Cardiac arrest causes severe symptoms that appear suddenly and include: (2)
– Absence of Pulse:The heart ceases to beat.
– Cessation of Breathing: The person stops breathing.
– Loss of Consciousness: The individual collapses and becomes unconscious.
Sometimes, warning symptoms may appear before loss of consciousness, such as: (2)
– Chest pain and discomfort
– Shortness of breath
– General fatigue and exhaustion
– Irregular or rapid heartbeat
– Nausea and vomiting. (3)
Causes of Cardiac Arrest
The causes of sudden cardiac arrest can be summarized as follows: (3) (2)
– Electrical Disorders of the Heart:** The most common cause, including ventricular fibrillation. Other syndromes affecting heart rhythm include Long QT Syndrome and Brugada Syndrome. (3)
– Coronary Artery Disease: Occurs when coronary arteries are blocked by cholesterol, reducing blood flow to the heart.
– Heart Attack: Can lead to ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac arrest.
– Cardiomyopathy: The heart muscle becomes enlarged and thickened, affecting its function.
-Heart Valve Disorders: Leaky or narrowed heart valves can lead to heart muscle weakening or enlargement, increasing the risk of arrhythmias.
– Congenital Heart Diseases: A major cause of sudden cardiac arrest in children and teenagers.
What to Do in Case of Cardiac Arrest
Time is critical in treating cardiac arrest. To reduce risks, immediate first aid is essential, including: (4)
-Call Emergency Services Immediately: Contact emergency medical services right away.
-Begin CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation): Place your hands on the chest of the person and perform chest compressions at a rate of 100-120 compressions per minute. Continue CPR until medical help arrives.
-Use an AED (Automated External Defibrillator): If available, use the AED found in public places like stadiums and airports. Place the pads on the person’s chest and follow the device’s instructions.
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How to Prevent Recurrence of Cardiac Arrest
To prevent a recurrence of cardiac arrest after recovery, follow these key guidelines: (5)
– Follow Medical Instructions: Adhere to the prescribed medications and management of chronic conditions.
– Adopt a Healthy Diet: Eat a diet rich in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, and reduce intake of processed foods and fats.
– Quit Smoking: If you smoke, cessation is crucial.
– Engage in Regular Exercise: Incorporate physical activity into your routine.
Is Cardiac Arrest the Same as a Heart Attack?
Many people confuse cardiac arrest with a heart attack (myocardial infarction), but they are distinct events. Although a heart attack can lead to cardiac arrest, they are different. Here are the main differences: (6)
Aspect | Heart Attack | Cardiac Arrest |
---|
Cause | Blockage of a coronary artery, reducing blood flow to a specific part of the heart muscle. | Severe heart rhythm disturbances causing sudden heart stoppage. |
Heartbeat | Heart continues to beat, though blood flow is restricted. | Heart ceases to beat completely. |
Consciousness | Person may remain conscious with normal breathing. | Person loses consciousness and stops breathing. |
References
- Cardiac Arrest | Johns Hopkins Medicine
- Sudden cardiac arrest – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
- Sudden Cardiac Arrest: Causes and Symptoms
- What is a cardiac arrest?
- Cardiac arrest – BHF
- What is Cardiac Arrest? | American Heart Association